CLl-PAST-OBJ
sixteen tu The REFLEXIVE PREFIX Into the ZULU – A good TYPOLOGICAL Angle Sonja Age. Bosch On this page I will look at the the fresh new origins of your own reflexive prefix during the Zulu, using special attention on process of grammaticalization wherein lexemes develop into grammatical formatives. Just like the reflexivization in a number of Bantu dialects was compared, this article will be in the form of an excellent typological investigation. In the Lehmann s () discussion of your own phenomena which are known as reflexive, it is fascinating to note which he takes on five categories of reflexives, particularly 0) autophoric nouns which are average nouns including muscles, breath, heart, head one ple, in Sanscrit new noun dtman definition breath, soul, along with Basque, the fresh new noun burua meaning lead, are widely used to show the equivalent of English worry about. Autophoric nouns put because the reflexives usually are accompanied by an effective possessive pronoun, like in the following example out of Vedic: Vedic (1) bdlam dadhana dtmani electricity:acc lay:area putting stamina within the himself (ii) reflexive nouns that are nouns declaring this is care about and absolutely nothing more, including the German selbst me and you will Finnish itse as the portrayed about pursuing the advice: 344
17 Italian language (2) Ich komme selbst I’m coming me personally Finnish (3) Halu-at-ko lipu-t itse-lle-lorsque? want-dos.sg-int solution-acc.pl thinking-all-poss.dos.sg Do you want the passes for yourself? When you look at the languages eg Finnish, Hungarian and Turkish reflexive nouns capture possessive affixes, whilst in most other dialects including Italian language or even the Love dialects, such nouns aren’t usually along side possessive pronouns. (iii) reflexive pronouns having an important intent behind it comes down back again to the topic, like the Italian language sich within the: German (4) Sie waschen sich They are laundry by themselves (iv) verbal reflexives which happen to be verb affixes indicating the action in some way has an effect on the subject, as in the next instances: Swahili (5) a-li-ji-ona SBJ.REFL-come across the guy watched themselves Turkish (6) focuk yika-n-di child wash-refl-past the child clean themselves Lehmann () stresses your boundaries amongst the categories was fluid and you may says these particular five types of reflexive facets are actually with the a size from increasing grammaticalization.
This means that, one can possibly look for which given that a good continuum from changes that getting portrayed the following: 345
18 Lexical items Grammatical * morpheme Lehmann (ff) will bring examples in almost any dialects in order to train the alterations with taken place otherwise will still be going on from one category so you’re able to the next. The whole process of changes is confirmed by Faltz () who, for their morphological distinction between two chief variety of reflexives, namely NP-reflexives that may put a nominal morpheme acting as lead of your reflexive noun statement, and verbal reflexives, including reflexive pronouns that are cliticized on the verb, remarks: Dialects may move from you to definitely pole into almost every other, actually, eg way are necessarily regarding the NP-reflexive rod towards the spoken reflexive rod. In the Zulu reflexiveness try realized as a prefix and therefore yourself precedes the latest verb stalk. The reflexive prefix is invariable fit, which means that it’s a great morphological shape and therefore remains lingering no matter the category to which their antecedent belongs. This can be demonstrably depicted throughout the following the advice in the Zulu: (7a) Umfana wazishaya the brand new-man the guy-themselves hit the man struck himself (7b) Intombazane izibona esibukwini the fresh-woman she-herself-see in-mirror Her notices by herself throughout the mirror Throughout these instances -zi- ‘s the reflexive morpheme in addition to procedures off hit and watch was led straight back abreast of the fresh respective grammatical subjects, that is, kid and girl. It is fascinating you to definitely when you look at the generative training, a significant notion is made with the hidden structure off phrases which has reflexives, specifically NP1 – V – NP1. On the surface, like a casing is ungrammatical throughout the Bantu dialects should your several NPs is actually co-referential and you can the same in form, e.g. (8) *USipho kody promocyjne meetmindful wakhohlisa usipho * Sipho cheated Sipho In the Zulu particularly a sentence is established grammatical of the insertion away from an effective reflexive prefix throughout the verb and you may the deletion of your own co-referential noun. age.grams. 346